Alcoholism And Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Essay

Most consumers of alcohol do not suffer adverse consequences. Individuals with excessive drinking patterns, nevertheless, have an elevated risk for alcohol-linked problems ranging from social to health issues. Alcohol abusers are a sub-population of alcoholic or alcohol-dependent individuals. However, the terms â€Å"abuse of alcohol† and â€Å"alcohol dependence† are dissimilar (Harford Muthen, 2001). Consequently, alcohol abusers may drink excessively without being dependent. In addition, alcohol abuse includes numerous outcomes and patterns while alcohol dependence or alcoholism involves specific diagnostic criteria (Harford Muthen, 2001).The peculiarity between alcohol abuse and alcoholism is significant from the perspective of biopsychology and treatment. Thus, interventions applied to alcohol abusers may be inadequate for alcoholic individuals. Conversely, measures that address alcoholism are mostly unsuitable for the majority of alcohol abusers. A clear understanding of the brain functions is crucial to understanding the addictive behavior. Although the brain has objective realities, the analysis of human behavior requires a subjective approach. Hence, the study of alcoholism requires a holistic approach in order to achieve full comprehension. According to the International Center for Alcohol Policies (ICAP) (2015), there are three methodological factors used to assess alcohol addiction. The elements are the reliability of the assessment technique, the episodic course ofShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1492 Words   |  6 Pagesmortality rates due to alcohol-related accidents and health issues are close to 35,000† (â€Å"Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse). This fact explains how many problems come along with alcohol abuse, and tell about health issues and accidents that could be caused by alcohol. Alcohol can be very dangerous and threaten the lives of people even if they are not the one consuming alcohol. Wrec ks often happen and kill innocent people as a result of people drinking and driving. There are many alcohol related deaths inRead MoreAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1082 Words   |  5 Pagesan addiction to alcohol. This drug can be a mild to chronic addiction and sometimes can turn out fatal for some people (Chakraburtty). Almost 100,000 people have died from overusing this drug (Chakraburtty). Alcoholism and alcohol abuse is not only damaging emotionally, physically, and mentally to the person who is doing it, but to the people around them as well. Both alcoholism and alcohol abuse are each categorized as different cases. Alcohol abuse is different from alcoholism because people whoRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Abuse1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe alcohol abuse definition is similar to alcoholism in that in both cases alcohol is causing harm to the drinker s life and those around them. The difference is that those who abuse alcohol, but are not yet alcoholics, typically can put some limitations on their drinking and they have not yet become physically addicted to alcohol. The key to the alcohol abuse definition is not in the amount of alcohol consumed but on how it affects an individual. Alcohol abuse is a psychiatric diagnosis in whichRead MoreAlcohol Alcoholism And Alcohol Abuse Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism and alcohol abuse are different, although they have several connected characteristics, including genetics, how you were raised, social environment, and emotional health. Some of the following are in dicators of alcohol abuse e.g., craving alcohol, having tried to quit in the past, but could not, spending longer time drinking than you expected, or continuing to drink even though it causes trouble with family or friends. An alcoholic is someone who has no control over alcohol and is unableRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism1446 Words   |  6 Pageswork, a person should understand the effects of alcohol, not only on an individual, but also the effects on the families. Alcohol is one of the many substances that people use and abuse. Since alcohol is legal for any one over the age of twenty-one, many people begin drinking and then develop an addiction to the substance (Goldberg, 2016). Alcoholism effects people of all ages, background, social status, or ethnic group (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2016). A social worker should understand howRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse2432 Words   |  10 PagesAlcohol is the number one drug problem among Ameri ca’s youth. More senior high school students use alcohol than any other psychoactive drug. Family doctors, pediatricians, schoolteachers, and parents know that alcohol is overwhelmingly the drug of choice among today’s youth, although trendier substances such as cocaine are often given more attention in the headlines (Carla Felsted, p. vii). Furthermore, it is widely acknowledged that drinking alcohol is a part of the youth culture in America;Read More Alcohol Abuse: Alcoholism as a Disease Essay2176 Words   |  9 PagesThe problem of alcohol abuse has been recognized for thousands of years, but only more recently have we begun to see alcohol addiction as a treatable disorder. According to the Classical Disease Model of `Alcoholism, habitual use of alcohol can be identified as a disease. Websters Dictionary defines the concept of `disease as follows: Any departure from health presenting marked symptoms; malady; illness; disorder. Therefore, as many occurrences o f alcohol excess provoke such symptoms, it isRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Should Not Be Confused With Alcoholism Or Alcohol Dependence950 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol abuse should not be confused with alcoholism or alcohol dependence. It is important to note the difference between the three. It is predicted that alcohol abuse affects individual physically, emotionally, and psychologically. Although some psychological, physical and economical effects may occur with both, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence (alcoholism) for the purpose of this paper the alcohol abuse is the main focus. Introduction Alcohol abuse is a serious disease that impacts individualRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Is A Big Part Of The Society Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol has been a big part of the society. It is how people socialize whether they are a business meeting, a party, a bar, and many more places and events. They tend to consume alcohol without knowing and questioning how much they have had. A huge amount of the population have not asked themselves this question, â€Å"Do I know what a standard drink is?† According to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism’s (NIAAA) booklet Rethinking Drinking, â€Å"Many people are surprised to learn what countsRead MoreAlcoholism : A Growing Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism Alcoholism is a growing problem in today s society. What is alcoholism? Is it a disease? What are the causes of it? What toll does alcohol abuse have on individuals? American society? American economy? What kind of treatments are available to reduce/cure alcoholism? What is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a physical or psychological need for an alcoholic beverage, which is taken for non-medical reasons and produces a noticeable effect on the body (Sheen 93). People develop the need for alcohol

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay - 1627 Words

Several mental health disorders are brought on due to both psychological and biological problems. Many of these are anxiety or behavioral disorders. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of these disorders that is an issue in both anxiety and behavioral issues. Its causes may be psychological, biological, or, in most cases, both. Many studies have been conducted on OCD and show that it is a complex disorder with many different symptoms. There have been treatments and medications to help reduce the symptoms and help people to overcome the disorder. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety disorder that causes a great deal of stress to people suffering from it, however with proper treatment it’s sufferers can live a healthy,†¦show more content†¦Many times these subsets can combine, causing additional stress and anxiety to the sufferer. The causes for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder are by problems in neuroanatomy and neurochemistry (Stein, 2002). Recent studies involving brain imaging have shown that abnormalities are found in patients with OCD (Stein, 2002). These abnormalities include â€Å"decreased volume or increased grey matter in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits† (Stein, 2002). The frontal orbito-striatal area and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex have been shown to the inhibition of planning, organization, and verification, leading researchers to believe that these regions of the brain play a part in obsessive compulsive disorder (Abramowitz, Taylor, McKay, 2009). It is also shown that the serotonin system may cause OCD (Stein, 2002). This was first realized after an antidepressant called clomipramine, which is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was found effective in treatments of the disorder (Stein, 2002). Hypersensitivity of the postsynaptic serotonin receptor is associated with obs essiveShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)1756 Words   |  8 Pages Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder that can affect children and adults. In order to fully understand OCD, many different areas of the disorder must be reviewed. First, OCD will be defined and the diagnosis criteria will be discussed. Secondly the prevalence of the disorder will be considered. The different symptoms, behaviors and means of treatment are also important aspects that will be discussed in order to develop a clearer understanding of the implications of obsessive compulsiveRead MoreEssay on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)875 Words   |  4 Pagessevere Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that triggers people to have unwanted fixations and to repeat certain activities again and again. Everyone has habits or certain ways of doing something with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder these habits severely interrupt the way they li ve their lives (Familydoctor.org Editorial Staff). About one in 40 people suffer from some form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (ABRAMOWITZ). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder oftenRead MoreLiving With Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)1190 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences between both symptoms and experiences of six different authors who have been personally affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).   Since OCD is not very well understood by many members of the public (Escape), I hope that the experiences of the authors that I researched will be able to paint a vivid picture of what life with OCD is like. Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves a chemical imbalance in the brain. This chemical imbalance is thought to be the main reason for obsessionsRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay2901 Words   |  12 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, or OCD, affects an average 1.7% of the population according to the Stanford University School of Medicine.  Ã‚  The recognition of this psychological disorder has grown in the recent years.  Ã‚  As the knowledge of this disorder becomes more prevalent, those suffering have become more willing to seek help (OCDA).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OCD is a condition â€Å"in which people experience repetitive and upsetting thoughts and/or behaviors† (OCDA).  Ã‚  While there are many variationRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay800 Words   |  4 Pages Obsessive Compulsive Disorder And Its Effect On Life Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, involves anxious thoughts or rituals one feels and cant control. . For many years, OCD was thought to be rare. The actual number of people with OCD was hidden, because people would hide their problem to avoid embarrassment. Some recent studies show that as many as 3 million Americans ages 18 to 54 may have OCD at any one time. This is about 2.3% of the people in this age group. It strikes men and women inRead More Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essays2616 Words   |  11 Pagesis a very powerful piece of structure; it is truly limitless when speaking about its potential. With a functional organ comes a dysfunctional possibility. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, (OCD), for instance, is nervousness in the mind. OCD is an anxiety disorder caused by repetitive intrusive thoughts and behaviors. It is a mental disorder marked by the involvement of a devotion to an idea or routine. Essentially, it is a false core belief which is believing that there is something wrong, causingRead MoreEssay on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)3370 Words   |  14 Pages Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disease that many people know of, but few people know about. Many people associate repeated washing of hands, or flicking of switches, and even cleanliness with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), however there are many more symptoms, and there are also explanations for those symptoms. In this paper, I will describe what obsessive compulsive disorder is, explain some of the effects of it, and explain why it happens. I will also attempt to prove that while medicationRead More Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesOCD: Whats in Control? Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that is the fourth most common mental illness in the U.S. (8). OCD affects five million Americans, or one in five people (3). This is a serious mental disorder that causes people to think and act certain things repetitively in order to calm the anxiety produced by a certain fear. Unlike compulsive drinking or gambling, OCD compulsions do not give the person pleasure; rather, the rituals are performed to obtainRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay examples1375 Words   |  6 PagesObsessive Compulsive Disorder â€Å"I know my hands are clean. I know that I have touched nothing dangerous. But†¦ I doubt my perception. Soon, if I do not wash, a mind numbing, searing anxiety will cripple me. A feeling of stickiness will begin to spread from the point of contamination and I will be lost in a place I do not want to go. So I wash until the feeling is gone, until the anxiety subsides. Then I feel defeated. So I do less and less, my world becomes smaller and smaller and more lonelyRead MoreEssay about Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)474 Words   |  2 Pages Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that effects nearly 5 million Americans, and half a million children. Its a disease that fills the brain with unwanted ideas, and worries. OCD is a diseases that effects the Cerebral frontal cortex. Unfortunately there is no cure for OCD. Obsessive compulsive disorder can start developing as early as age five. In most cases OCD controls your life. Through out the rest of this paper I hope to inform you on Obsessive compulsive Disorders

Psychiatric Patients Mental Health Hospitals-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Psychiatric Patients In Mental Health Hospitals? Answer: Introduction The aim of the report paper part A is to develop a clinical audit question regarding the use of seclusion for the psychiatric patients in mental health hospitals. For this, the background and rationale will be discussed in the first section of the report. A clinical audit question will be outlined and the development of the PICO question is discussed in the following sections with the search strategy. Thereafter, part B will deal with the critical analysis of the evidences that will be obtained to develop the clinical bottom line and best recommendations for the evidence-based practice. Background and Rationale Although, seclusion is an emotive and controversial subject in mental health nursing, it is still practiced in the mental health hospitals widely. There are varied opinions regarding the use of this practice, however, it is still a legitimate intervention to use seclusion as compared to the efficacy of restraints to control aggressive behaviour in psychiatric patients (Knox Holloman Jr, 2012). The focus of the paper is the use of seclusion to control aggressive behaviour through safe practice and guidelines in mental health patients as practiced in mental health institutions. The rationale for choosing this topic is that restraint in psychiatric patients has led to exacerbation of aggressive behaviour that cause harm to other patients and mental staffs. On the other hand, seclusion is preferred over restraint in managing and protecting the patients from aggressive behaviour. Seclusion causes no harm to the patients and is an effective intervention for the management of the aggressiv e incidents. According to Perkins et al., (2012), the mental health nurses for inpatients in psychiatric wards practice restraint when a patient shows aggressive behaviour, acts out or does not follow the rules. However, current data suggests that restraints is not a therapeutic intervention, rather jeopardise the mental health status of the psychiatric patients. In a structured questionnaire study conducted by Vishnivetsky et al., (2013), secluding psychiatric adolescent inpatients was preferable as compared to physical restraint. About 82% of the total participants preferred secluding in the room is preferable as it was less frightening and improved their mental status as compared to restraint. On a contrary, seclusion is used that maximizes the freedom of the patients and protect them from risk by providing them a safe and secure environment (Vishnivetsky et al., 2013). However, there are various arguments reading the use of seclusion as it deprives them of liberty and practice social control as a coercive and negative experience. There is mixed literature regarding the use of seclusion as a way to control violent behaviour and have long-term benefits, however, seclusion is a safe option than restraints. In seclusion, the psychiatric patient is locked in a room, is being isolated from other patients and medical staffs, with loose items, and is allowed to leave the room. The locked patient is continuously observed and is a direct response to their aggressive behaviour that it is because of a psychology behaviour. Thus, the clinical audit will be focusing on the seclusion practice as a better intervention in controlling aggressive behaviour than restraint in psychiatric patients. The best practice is to provide seclusion where as compared to restraint and the mental ward nurses consider it a clear benefit for the person who is being secluded. It is considered a protective measure where the mental ward nurses utilize seclusion complying with the best practice and for the benefit of the patient. Although, seclusion is used insufficiently in the current practice, however while using the nurses follow basic guidelines and standards while utilizing seclusion (Osborne Webster, 2009). They f ollow safe delivery of seclusion in a secure environment that ensures patient safety prioritizing staff education and support so that there is patient-centred care and strong leadership, monitoring, commitment, oversight and transparency while using seclusion in psychiatric wards (Kuosmanen et al., 2015). The current practice also suggests that mental health staffs should abide by the principles of seclusion like use of positive behavioural support and decreased use of physical restraint. Mental health nurses also take into account the policy considerations that manage risk. According to Kontio et al., (2012), the nurses choose seclusion as the last option; however, they use it when they are not left with any other option. They do not continue it for longer and use it as a way to safeguard the patient and staffs from violent behaviour. The care staffs keep the secluded person in sight, sound inside the secluded room, and observe them directly through CCTV or direct observation. The nurse ensures that the patient is safe inside the room and pay attention to the consciousness level of the secluded patient. They also stay alert and concerned about the particular needs of the patient and provide immediate care for the secluded patient. However, in the real world scenario, mental health nurses does not comply with the guidelines of seclusion and are attempting to include the best practice in the seclusion (Jacobsen, 2012). For this, the nurses need to be properly trained and be competent with the recovery principles after seclusion and informed care. Clinical audit topic Do nurses in mental health wards comply with best practice when utilising seclusion? The audit topic is broken into a PICO format that explains that Population, Intervention as a treatment option, procedure or a diagnostic test as compared to another intervention and the outcome of the applied intervention (Methley et al., 2014). This format is helpful in defining the clinical audit topic and enables us to carry out a useful search by using keywords and Boolean operators (Robinson, Saldanha Mckoy, 2011). Population Psychiatric patients who show aggressive behaviour due to psychological disorders are not managed or controlled in a proper way by the nursing staffs. Incorrect management can harm the other patients and staffs in the wards and have serious consequences to the patients well-being. Intervention Seclusion is an intervention that can be used for controlling aggressive behaviour in inpatients in a psychiatric ward. Comparison The multidisciplinary team (MDT) should also utilize the same guidelines or approach while using seclusion. According to New South Wales (NSW) for Clinical Innovation, although seclusion need to be reduced in the psychiatric units, there should be proper care plan, staff training and education and well handover meetings to ensure safety of the patient and staffs (Callaghan Ryan, 2014). Outcome It is reasonable to suggest that although seclusion has no proper therapeutic benefits, it is used by the nurses, at the same time should assure that everyone is safe, and causes no harm. The search strategy for the clinical audit question will be through the database search, keywords and Boolean operators, selection process through inclusion and exclusion criteria and data analysis. For carrying out an effective search for the clinical audit question, one has to conduct an extensive search and come up with strong evidence and best research that can be analysed in a comprehensive manner (Smith et al., 2011). Relevant literature will be drawn from the vast pool of existing literature so that one can reach to a conclusion and summarise findings to indentify gaps and answer the main audit question. Specific databases will be used which are powerful tools that can be utilized to carry an effective search. The electronic databases were used like CINAHL, Ovid, Web search and Medline. All these databases have peer-reviewed and full-text journals that are authentic and reliable sources. The keywords used for the search are crucial elements, consists of short phrases, and commonly used words that extract the information required for the audit question. Boolean operators were also used where suitable keywords with respect to logical terms were streamlined in the right direction like AND and OR. After the meticulous search, relevant articles were included for the study. Rejection and exclusion criteria were used for the papers prior to search. For the present search, articles published after the year 2010 were included. Full-text and peer-reviewed articles were included and 20 articles were screened for studies. The selected articles were in English language form different countries an d use of seclusion for aggression management in psychiatric patients. Clinical Practice Guidelines from the (National Health and Medical Research Council) NHMRC suggest that under the Australian National Seclusion and Restraint Project, mental health facilities should follow the key principles while utilizing the seclusion. There should be protection of fundamental human rights, right to highest care, protection of the secluded person against degrading treatment, right to medical examination, compliance with regulations and legislation and most importantly, benefit of the secluded person (Runciman et al., 2012). The literature regarding the clinical audit questions was reviewed through Joanna Briggs Institute through the levels of evidences and in different themes. The literature was then graded against the Joanna Briggs Levels of Evidence for Meaningfulness. Recovery oriented support and care Among the best practices, the level of use of seclusion varies with different psychiatric settings. The nurses protect the services users, their rights, advocacy, promotion of access and connections with the community and family members. In this, nurses work in partnership to comply with the best seclusion practice while working in partnership. In a study conducted by Kontio et al., (2012), (Level 1) illustrated the perspectives of the patients while using seclusion. The data was collected through a focused interview where 30 patients were interviewed with inductive content analysis. The results depicted that while performing seclusion, they receive insufficient attention and there is no recovery-oriented care towards them. The nurses do not focus on the best practice and follow guidelines while using seclusion. The basic need of the patients is not being met during seclusion and there was no recovery-oriented care and documentation of the patients wishes. In another study conducted by Bogaert et al., (2013) (Level 2), there is workload, stress leading to poor quality of care and burnout. In a psychiatric environmental setting, a survey data was taken from 357 registered nurses from December 2010April 2011 and it was found that the workload and job demand acts as a mediating factor and they were unable to comply with the best practice while utilising seclusion. There was lack of patient oriented care for their recovery and well-being. In another qualitative study conducted by Al-Khafaji, Loy Kelly, (2014) (Level 1) the service users (patients) conveyed that their needs are not responded promptly and effectively and there was no patient oriented care while using seclusion and their compliance with the best guideline practices. Effective care and support Before utilizing seclusion, care need to be planned that, meet the mental health needs of the patient and delivered in an effective way. There should be effective provision of care and support while making effective decision for the patient before utilizing seclusion. The nurses complying with the best procedure and practices should support the health and well-being of the patient. In a study conducted by Wale, Belkin Moon, (2011) (Level 1) demonstrated that although the policy in Australia conveys that there should be elimination of seclusion and physical restraint, the nurses should utilize seclusion for better health outcomes of the patient. According to Borckardt et al., (2011), (Level 5) randomized control trials were carried out in five inpatients unit of a psychiatric hospital in South Caroline, USA. While using seclusion, there was proper care interventions where nurses were trained to positively support the client morale and through collaborative decision-making, seclusion rates reduced significantly. In another study, Wolf, (2012), reported that there are good and bad nursing and breakdown in practices. Although, nurses have the responsibility to work for the welfare of the patients, however, many nurses make mistakes and act recklessly at work. In a randomized control trail by Georgieva, Mulder Noorthoorn, (2013) (Level 2), demonstrated that that there was less relative risk in seclusion with less injuries and it depicts that nurses comply with the best practice while utilizing seclusion as compared to involuntary medication where the relative risk was higher. It also suggests that they perform seclusion that provide effective care and support while safeguarding the patient and staffs. Safe care and support The mental ward nurses have the responsibility to protect the patient from major harm or risk associated with the delivery and designing of the seclusion process. For this, nurses need to gather enough information, monitor the secluded person and learn from the information that are intended to provide safe seclusion practice. However, in many psychiatric settings, patients perceive seclusion in a negative and unwelcoming manner. In a qualitative study (Level 1) conducted by Van Der Merwe et al., (2013), the seclusion is not practiced in compliance with the best guidelines. Through an extensive literature search, the results concluded that patients perceive seclusion negatively and mental ward nurses believe that it has a therapeutic effect and they cannot operate effectively without using seclusion. There is lack of communication between the patient and staff before and after the seclusion application that affect the care process and support. Staffs did not guide the seclusion proces s in an effective manner and failed to adopt a safe mechanism for utilizing it. It is evident that patients experiences during seclusion are negative and mental ward nurses believe that the units cannot function without operating it. There is increased risk for the staffs and so seclusion is employed to ensure safety and protect the patient from aggressive behaviour. Leadership and management The mental health services should have effective arrangements that are intended to deliver best care while utilizing seclusion. There should also be systematic monitoring of the seclusion process and provide opportunities for safety, quality care and reliability of the mental health services. For this, there is requirement of effective leadership by the managers that are intended to promote quality care and safety of the patient and ward staffs while utilizing seclusion. In a quantitative study conducted by Smith et al., (2015), (Level 1) in Pennsylvania state hospital system from 2001 to 2010 showed that there was decrease in the seclusion and mechanical restraint rates. The managers and nurse leaders advocated effective leadership qualities and transparency with better policy changes and enhanced workforce response and development that led to the decline in seclusion and restraint rates. In a study conducted by Azeem et al., (2011) (Level 1), stated that after the implementation of the six core strategies in trauma informed care, the seclusion and restraint rates decreased in hospitalized youths. In this qualitative study, leadership and advocacy of the nurse managers helped to reduce the restraint and seclusion among the hospitalized youth based on trauma informed care. Workforce The mental health services should advocate caring plan, organize and manage the mental health workforce that achieve the best care, recovery oriented and provide ample support to the secluded person. The nurses should be recruited through arduous training on seclusion application with required competencies for safe delivery and protection of the patient. The mental health workforce should possess competencies that are intended to deliver the best quality of care and safeguard the patient during seclusion. While utilizing seclusion, the mental health ward staffs should deliver high quality service that provide recovery oriented and safe services for the patients and the other staffs. According to Masters, (2015) (Level 5), the seclusion and restraint are dangerous coercive measures that have a negative psychological effect on the secluded person and is likely to create an unprepared or insensitive environment. Nurse Managers should advocate leadership that evaluate the data on seclusion and restraint that are carried out in inpatient mental health settings. Staff training is also important where the mental health workforce should be trained to use seclusion in a recovery oriented and safe manner. There should be collaborative training of the staffs so that they negotiate with the patients to resolve the disagreements. This increases the patient autonomy and strengthening their trust in staff resulting effective decision-making. Clinical bottom line In qualitative and quantitative studies, recommend that the patients received seclusion in an ineffective manner where their needs were not addressed and no recovery-oriented care. Due to workload and demanding nature of job of the mental ward nurses, they fail to comply with the best practice while utilizing seclusion. As a result, there was lack of patient-oriented care. Kontio et al., (2012), (Level 1); Bogaert et al., (2013); Al-Khafaji, Loy Kelly, (2014) (Level 1) There is lack of provision of care and support during seclusion utilization and nurses fail to comply with the best practices. However, there was proper care interventions that supported the patient needs and there was decline in seclusion rates. Wale, Belkin Moon, (2011) (Level 1); Borckardt et al., (2011), (Level 5); Wolf, (2012), (Level 5); Georgieva, Mulder Noorthoorn, (2013) (Level 2) Qualitative studies recommended that patients perceive negative seclusion and feel unsafe during the process. Mental ward nurses lack enough information and information regarding the process that provides safe seclusion practice. Seclusion does not comply with the best practice by mental wards nurses as they lack a safe mechanism while utilizing it. Van Der Merwe et al., (2013) (Level 1) During the execution of seclusion, there should be systematic monitoring of the process that ensures safety, care and reliability of the process. For this, effective leadership is required for the safe utilization of seclusion. However, in Pennsylvania state hospital system, nurse managers advocated effective leadership while utilizing seclusion. Smith et al., (2015), (Level 1); Azeem et al., (2011) (Level 1) For safe and best practice, expert opinion recommends that nurse managers should advocate effective training of the mental health workforce for a safe seclusion practice. This collaborative staff training is crucial so that they perform a recovery based and safe seclusion practice. This strengthens patient autonomy and their participation in effective decision-making. Masters, (2015) (Level 5) Standards of Best Practice The mental health ward nurses should be intended to utilize seclusion that protect the patient, provide recovery oriented care, and support their well-being. There should be partnership approach towards recovery and provide ample care and support to the secluded patient. Kontio et al., (2012), (Level 1); Bogaert et al., (2013); Al-Khafaji, Loy Kelly, (2014) (Level 1) (Grade B recommendation) The mental health ward nurses should practice seclusion in a safe manner to achieve the best health outcomes for the patient undergoing seclusion. Seclusion should be performed in a way that is intended to be meaningful and aimed at providing effective care and support. Wale, Belkin Moon, (2011) (Level 1); Borckardt et al., (2011), (Level 5); Wolf, (2012), (Level 5); Georgieva, Mulder Noorthoorn, (2013) (Level 2) (Grade B recommendation) For the best seclusion practice, safe care and support should be provided to the patient that reduce the harm, risk to injury, and safeguard the patient. This can be achieved through identification, assessment and monitoring of the risk and appropriate actions during adverse incidents. Van Der Merwe et al., (2013) (Level 1) (Grade B recommendation) For the safe and best seclusion practice, the nurse managers and ward leaders should perform effective leadership and management to manage the risk, govern the seclusion process and are held accountable for the safety, quality and satisfaction of the patients. They should advocate leadership for the delivery of care and find ways to meet the regulatory, strategic and financial obligations. Smith et al., (2015), (Level 1); Azeem et al., (2011) (Level 1) (Grade A recommendation) An effective mental health workforce is required who can plan, lead, organize, train and motivate the staffs to achieve the best seclusion practice guidelines and reliable mental health services. Masters, (2015) (Level 5) (Grade B recommendation) References Al-Khafaji, K., Loy, J., Kelly, A. M. (2014). Characteristics and outcome of patients brought to an emergency department by police under the provisions (Section 10) of the Mental Health Act in Victoria, Australia. International journal of law and psychiatry, 37(4), 415-419. Azeem, M. W., Aujla, A., Rammerth, M., Binsfeld, G., Jones, R. B. (2011). Effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma informed care in reducing seclusions and restraints at a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24(1), 11-15. Bogaert, P., Clarke, S., Willems, R., Mondelaers, M. (2013). Nurse practice environment, workload, burnout, job outcomes, and quality of care in psychiatric hospitals: a structural equation model approach. Journal of advanced nursing, 69(7), 1515-1524. Callaghan, S., Ryan, C. J. (2014). A submission on the issues raised by the review of New South Wales Mental Health Act 2007. Georgieva, I., Mulder, C. L., Noorthoorn, E. (2013). Reducing seclusion through involuntary medication: a randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry research, 205(1), 48-53. Jacobsen, T. B. (2012). Involuntary treatment in Europe: different countries, different practices. Current opinion in psychiatry, 25(4), 307-310. Knox, D. K., Holloman Jr, G. H. (2012). Use and avoidance of seclusion and restraint: consensus statement of the american association for emergency psychiatry project Beta seclusion and restraint workgroup. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13(1), 35. Kontio, R., Joffe, G., Putkonen, H., Kuosmanen, L., Hane, K., Holi, M., Vlimki, M. (2012). Seclusion and restraint in psychiatry: Patients' experiences and practical suggestions on how to improve practices and use alternatives. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 48(1), 16-24. Kuosmanen, L., Makkonen, P., Lehtila, H., Salminen, H. (2015). Seclusion experienced by mental health professionals. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 22(5), 333-336. Masters, K. J. (2015). Ask the Expert: Seclusion and Restraint. Focus, 13(1), 47-49. Methley, A. M., Campbell, S., Chew-Graham, C., McNally, R., Cheraghi-Sohi, S. (2014). PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC health services research, 14(1), 579. Osborne, S., Webster, J. (2009). Development and use of clinical guidelines. Using Evidence to Guide Nursing Practice, 59. Perkins, E., Prosser, H., Riley, D., Whittington, R. (2012). Physical restraint in a therapeutic setting; a necessary evil?. International journal of law and psychiatry, 35(1), 43-49. Robinson, K. A., Saldanha, I. J., Mckoy, N. A. (2011). Management Development of a framework to identify research gaps from systematic reviews. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 64(12), 1325-1330. Runciman, W. B., Hunt, T. D., Hannaford, N. A., Hibbert, P. D., Westbrook, J. I., Coiera, E. W., ... Braithwaite, J. (2012). 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Relative Sections and Legislations †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Relative Sections and Legislations. Answer: Introduction: The current study is based on the determination of the taxable income of Jordan and Cameron. The study will take into the considerations the amount of tax payable by Jordan and Cameron from their respective transactions. The study will additionally lay down the assumptions for considering and omitting the expenditure at the time of computing the tax liability. Computation of Taxable Income of Jordan Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Assessable Income Gross Salary 180000 Add: PayG 58000 238000 Australian Sourced Rental Income (Jordan Share) Rental Income from Holiday House (Jordan Share) 2000 Investment property Rental Income (Jordan Share) 11000 Australian Sourced Interest Income Bank Account (Jordan Share) 1000 Superannuation Jordan 80000 Total Assessable Income 332000 Allowable Deductions Interest paid on mortgage home 12000 Interest paid on investment property 23333 Interest paid on holiday house 13333 Work Related Expenditure 2200 Expenses on holiday homes 6250 Tax Agent Fees 900 Expenses on investment property 7500 Total Allowable Deductions 65517 Total Taxable Income 266483 Tax on Taxable Income 93149 Add: Medicare Levy 5330 Less: PayG 58000 Add: Taxable Value of Fringe Benefit Car 4000 Less: Rebate on Private Medicare Insurance 714.44 (4000*17.861%) Less: 15% Tax Offset on Superannuation Benefit 12000 (80000*15%) Total Tax Payable 31764 Computation of Taxable Income of Cameron Computation of Taxable Income of Cameron Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Assessable Income Gross Salary 120000 Add: PayG 35000 155000 Australian Sourced Rental Income Rental Income from Holiday House (Cameron Share) 2000 Investment property Rental Income (Cameron Share) 11000 Australian Sourced Interest Income Bank Account (Cameron Share) 1000 Australian Source Dividend Income Fully Franked Dividends 14000 Gross Up Franking Credits 6000 Superannuation Cameron 60000 Total Assessable Income 229000 Allowable Deductions Bank Loan on Share Portfolio 3500 Work Related Expenditure 1000 Donations 500 Tax Agent Fees 700 Total Allowable Deductions 5700 Total Taxable Income 223300 Tax on Taxable Income 73717 Add: Medicare Levy 4466 Less: PayG 35000 (4000*17.861%) Less: 15% Tax Offset on Superannuation Benefit 9000 (80000*15%) Total Tax Payable 34183 In computing the taxable income of Jordan and Cameron the amount that has been received by them for Superannuation will be initially included in their respective taxable income. However, Jordan and Cameron are entitled to a 15% of the tax offset on the taxable component of the super income stream payment received by them. According to the Australian taxation office travelling to and from home is regarded as the private expenditure and an individual taxpayer are not allowed to claim allowable deductions. As held in the case of Lunney v FC of T (1958) an expenditure should possess the essential character of outgoing incurred in producing the assessable income (Coleman and Sadiq 2013). In the present context a deduction will be denied in respect of subsection 51 (1) traveling from and to home incurred by Cameron and Jordan are not allowed for deductions since they represent the nature of private expenditure. As held in the taxation ruling of TD 92/154 a deduction is not generally allowable for child care expenditure even though it is prerequisite for an employee to derive and make payment so that one can go and earn income. As held in the case of Lodge v. FC of T (1972) an individual is not allowed to claim deductions on child care expenses since it is neither relevant or incidental in gaining assessable income (Kenny 2013). The expenditure incurred on child care will not be allowed as allowable deductions for both Cameron and Jordan since no form of private expenditure is allowed for deductions. The personal living cost of $18000 are disallowed from being considered as the allowable deductions for both Cameron and Jordan. Expenses related to holiday home of $15,000 has been only deducted up the extent the holiday home was rented out. The holiday home was rented out for a period of 5 months and a deduction for five months have been claimed which stands $13333. Expenses on investment property is also rented out for only 10 months and as result of this the expenditure incurred has been apportioned for a period of 10 months only with an approximate value of $23333. The capital loss bought forward by Cameron of $7,000 cannot be allowed for offset since Cameron did not reported any Capital gains. Hence, such losses can be offset only against capital gains. According to the Australian Taxation Office credit card, expenditure can be claimed as allowable deductions only for paying the business tax liability (Krever 2013). In the present context, the credit card expenditure will not be allowed as allowable deductions since the expenditure was not used for business purpose and deductions are not allowed for this purpose. The above stated discussion effectively lay down that the net amount of tax payable by both Jordan and Cameron respectively. Additionally, relative sections and legislations have been considered in arriving at net tax payable by them. The present issue is concerned with the determination of the tax assessment of the assessable income of the minors under the age of 18 that are not engaged in the full time employment. The income tax ruling of IT 2489 is applicable to the unmarried children that are under the age of 18 and are engaged in the full time employment are liable to pay tax for their income. Division 6AA of the part III of the ITAA 1997 defines that an individual at the age of 18 years might be taxed at the rate higher than the adult (Morgan, Mortimer and Pinto 2013). As evident from the current case study it can be defined that Jordan employed his younger daughter Cate to carry out the administrative work for him as the personal assistant. As defined under the Division 6AA all the types of assessable income are eligible for tax unless the income of the minor falls inside the purview of the excepted assessable income under the subsection 102AE (2) (Woellner 2013). Additionally, the extent to which the minor had effective conduct and control and effectively participated in the functions of the taxpayers business or employment. As understood from the current context the receipt of employment income in the hands of Cate would ultimately help in reducing the tax liability of Jordan but may attract a liability to tax for Cate (Woellner et al. 2014). It is assumed that Cate is under the age of 18 and under the division 6AA Cate will be liable for tax for the amount of income received from her part time employment. Computation of Tax Liability for Cate Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Assessable Income 20800 Tax on Taxable Income 494 Low Income Tax Offset 445 Total Tax Payable 49 Conclusion: The above stated discussion can be concluded by stating that the income received from the part time employment will be regarded as taxable income for Cate which will attract tax liability. Reference List: Coleman, C. and Sadiq, K. (n.d.).2013 Principles of taxation law. Kenny, P. (2013).Australian tax 2013. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Krever, R. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2013. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C. and Pinto, D. 2013.A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D. 2014 Australian taxation law.